{"id":6768,"date":"2023-06-15T10:14:34","date_gmt":"2023-06-15T10:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/?p=6768"},"modified":"2023-06-15T10:28:32","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T10:28:32","slug":"a-brief-history-of-roll-forming-technic-and-cold-formed-steel-structures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/fr\/un-bref-historique-de-la-technique-de-profilage-et-des-structures-en-acier-formees-a-froid\/","title":{"rendered":"Une br\u00e8ve histoire de la technique de profilage et des structures en acier form\u00e9es \u00e0 froid"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Histoire<\/h2>

Avant d'utiliser les m\u00e9taux, nos anc\u00eatres ont utilis\u00e9 le bois et la pierre comme mat\u00e9riaux de construction de base pendant plus de 1,7 million d'ann\u00e9es, \u00e0 quelques centaines de milliers d'ann\u00e9es pr\u00e8s. L'or, le cuivre, l'\u00e9tain, le plomb, l'argent, le fer et le mercure \u00e9taient les sept seuls m\u00e9taux connus et utilis\u00e9s jusqu'au XIIIe si\u00e8cle, et seulement cinq autres m\u00e9taux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverts jusqu'au XVIIe si\u00e8cle. Aujourd'hui, nous savons qu'environ deux tiers de tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments connus sont des m\u00e9taux [1].<\/p>

Les premiers produits en fer datent d'il y a pr\u00e8s de 6000 ans et, en raison de la douceur du fer, il \u00e9tait consomm\u00e9 comme ornement plut\u00f4t que comme outils et armes. Le fer a \u00e9t\u00e9 carbonis\u00e9 pour obtenir un mat\u00e9riau plus durable (l'acier) vers 1200 av. J.-C., et cette d\u00e9couverte a apport\u00e9 un changement important et a annonc\u00e9 le d\u00e9but de l'\u00e2ge du fer. Les plus anciens produits en acier se trouvent sur un site arch\u00e9ologique en Turquie (Kaman, Kaleh\u00f6y\u00fck) [2][3]. Les connaissances en mati\u00e8re de production d'acier se sont r\u00e9pandues sur une grande surface avec l'Empire romain par le biais du commerce ou de la guerre [4]. La transition a \u00e9t\u00e9 lente, mais les produits en fonte et en fer forg\u00e9 ont fini par remplacer le bronze dans la plupart des r\u00e9gions. Les fours sont devenus plus importants et l'acier s'est am\u00e9lior\u00e9. Les premiers forgerons produisaient des haches, des ciseaux, des houes, des \u00e9p\u00e9es et d'autres outils d'excellente qualit\u00e9. En 1350, les forgerons d'Europe centrale ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 fondre et \u00e0 couler le fer dans des hauts fourneaux primitifs.<\/p>


La fabrication d\u2019objets complexes, comme des gilets pare-balles assembl\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de centaines de pi\u00e8ces de plaques et de fils martel\u00e9s, exigeait une grande habilet\u00e9 et une grande exp\u00e9rience. Le processus \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s laborieux en raison des longues heures de martelage n\u00e9cessaires. Du XVIIe si\u00e8cle \u00e0 l\u2019aube de la r\u00e9volution industrielle, tous les objets non moul\u00e9s, des objets ornementaux aux objets utilitaires, \u00e9taient fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 la main par forgeage, un travail fastidieux. Peu de gens pouvaient se permettre d\u2019acheter leurs propres produits en m\u00e9tal [1].<\/p>


Au cours de la r\u00e9volution industrielle des XVIIIe et XIXe si\u00e8cles, de nombreux outils manuels utilis\u00e9s dans la fabrication des m\u00e9taux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 progressivement remplac\u00e9s par des machines \u00e0 moteur. L\u2019une des r\u00e9alisations les plus importantes et les moins m\u00e9diatis\u00e9es de cette p\u00e9riode a \u00e9t\u00e9 le remplacement de l\u2019art ancien du martelage (forgeage) par des paires de rouleaux rotatifs pour modifier la forme ou l\u2019\u00e9paisseur des m\u00e9taux. Le laminage \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature ambiante n\u2019est pas une technologie nouvelle. Le laminage \u00e0 froid primitif a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 au XIVe si\u00e8cle pour l\u2019or et l\u2019argent. L\u00e9onard de Vinci a con\u00e7u les premiers v\u00e9ritables laminoirs en 1480 [7].<\/p>

Le laminage \u00e0 froid de l'acier a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle et s'est r\u00e9pandu au XIXe si\u00e8cle. \u00c0 la fin du XIXe et au XXe si\u00e8cle, une immense vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de t\u00f4les lamin\u00e9es \u00e0 chaud et \u00e0 froid en aluminium, cuivre, laiton, plomb, \u00e9tain, titane, zirconium et alliages sp\u00e9ciaux est devenue disponible sur le march\u00e9. Sans ces produits plats lamin\u00e9s, notre mode de vie et notre niveau de vie actuels seraient inimaginables.<\/p>

Profilage par laminage<\/h2>

Une description g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du profilage peut simplement s'\u00e9crire comme suit : \u00ab Dans un processus de profilage, des paires de rouleaux profil\u00e9s dispos\u00e9s en tandem plient transversalement une t\u00f4le en mouvement et la transforment en un produit qui a un profil transversal d\u00e9sign\u00e9 \u00bb [5].<\/p>

\"Typical<\/p>

Lors du profilage, un certain nombre de paires d'arbres dispos\u00e9s en opposition avec des rouleaux, qui sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement diff\u00e9rents pour chaque passe de formage, effectuent le pliage et d\u00e9terminent la forme de la t\u00f4le d\u00e9form\u00e9e [1].<\/p>

Structures en acier form\u00e9es \u00e0 froid (CFSS)<\/h2>

Dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIXe si\u00e8cle, les ouvriers des r\u00e9gions \u00e9loign\u00e9es pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent construire des b\u00e2timents temporaires et rapides. Pour cela, les gens trouvent des structures en bois et des t\u00f4les minces pli\u00e9es qui leur conviennent. Les t\u00f4les de couverture sont principalement fabriqu\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de fer, qui est renforc\u00e9 en donnant quelques petites d\u00e9formations \u00e0 la surface, et elles sont utilis\u00e9es pour construire des hangars pour le logement ou les espaces de travail. Les documents les plus anciens concernent les ouvriers en Am\u00e9rique du Nord pendant la ru\u00e9e vers l'or de 1849. Des maisons portables en fer ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fabriqu\u00e9es pour les ouvriers [8].<\/p>

Le CFSS a \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9 au Century of Progress (Exposition universelle) de Chicago en 1933. Ce type de structure est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme la \u00ab Maison du futur \u00bb. Cependant, la r\u00e9alisation la plus significative a \u00e9t\u00e9 le lancement d'un projet de recherche de l'American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) en 1939. L'AISI a parrain\u00e9 les chercheurs de l'Universit\u00e9 Cornell, ce qui a abouti \u00e0 la publication en 1946 de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition de la sp\u00e9cification AISI. [9]<\/p>

Le parcours des CFSS a commenc\u00e9 avec des abris primitifs, mais aujourd'hui, des b\u00e2timents \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9tages peuvent \u00eatre construits avec des cadres en acier form\u00e9s \u00e0 froid. Les types de b\u00e2timents les plus adapt\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s comme des \u00e9coles, des dortoirs, des h\u00f4tels, des immeubles r\u00e9sidentiels et des structures modulaires.<\/p>

Les constructions en acier form\u00e9 \u00e0 froid (CFS) constituent une alternative pratique aux structures en b\u00e9ton ou en acier conventionnel, principalement en raison de leur rapport r\u00e9sistance\/poids plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et de leur construction plus rapide. En raison de leur poids plus l\u00e9ger, les b\u00e2timents r\u00e9sidentiels et commerciaux en CFS deviennent des alternatives plus efficaces dans les r\u00e9gions \u00e0 risque sismique par rapport aux homologues en b\u00e9ton et en acier conventionnel. Les panneaux muraux en ossature CFS gain\u00e9s d'un c\u00f4t\u00e9 ou des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s avec de l'acier ou un certain type de panneaux de bois ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement utilis\u00e9s comme \u00e9l\u00e9ments r\u00e9sistants aux charges lat\u00e9rales dans les structures en acier form\u00e9 \u00e0 froid construites en particulier dans les r\u00e9gions \u00e0 risque sismique faible et moyen. L'ossature de ces panneaux muraux comprend des rails sup\u00e9rieurs et inf\u00e9rieurs fix\u00e9s \u00e0 des montants verticaux avec des vis ou des rivets. Les rails et les montants sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de sections CFS en forme de C [10].<\/p>

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>

[1] Halmos, G. T. (2006). Roll Forming Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[2] Akanuma, H. (2005). “The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kaleh\u00f6y\u00fck, Turkey”. Anatolian Archaeological Studies. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. 14: 147\u2013158.
[3] “Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel”. The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
[4] “Noricus ensis”, Horace, Odes, i. 16.9
[5] Kiuchi M., Abe K., Onodera R.; Computerized Numerical Simulation of roll-forming process, Annals of CIRP Vol. 44\/1\/1995, pp. 239-242.
[6] Dykes, R.J.; Mander, S.J.; D. Bhattacharyya: Roll forming continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sheets: experimental analysis, Composites Part A, 31 (2000), pp. 1395-1407.
[7] Roberts, W. Cold Rolling of Steel. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978.
[8] Don Allen, P.E., History of Cold Formed Steel, 2006, pp 1-5.
[9] Baran E, Alica C, Behavior of cold-formed steel wall panels under monotonic horizontal loading, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 79, 2012, pp 1-8,
[10] “World’s Fairs 1933\u20131939”. Historic Events for Students: The<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

History Before using metals, our ancestors used wood and stone as basic structural materials for over 1,7 million years, give or take a few hundred thousand years. Gold, copper, tin, lead, silver, iron, and mercury were the only seven known and used metals until the thirteenth century, and only five more metals were discovered up… Lire la suite »Une br\u00e8ve histoire de la technique de profilage et des structures en acier form\u00e9es \u00e0 froid<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6769,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[19,84,83,21,22,23],"yoast_head":"\nArkitech - A Brief History of Roll-Forming Technic and Cold-Formed Steel Structures<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Check out a Brief History of Roll-Forming Technic and Cold-Formed Steel Structures with Arkitech Advanced Construction Technologies.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/fr\/un-bref-historique-de-la-technique-de-profilage-et-des-structures-en-acier-formees-a-froid\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Arkitech - 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