{"id":6768,"date":"2023-06-15T10:14:34","date_gmt":"2023-06-15T10:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/?p=6768"},"modified":"2023-06-15T10:28:32","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T10:28:32","slug":"a-brief-history-of-roll-forming-technic-and-cold-formed-steel-structures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/pl\/krotka-historia-techniki-walcowania-i-konstrukcji-stalowych-formowanych-na-zimno\/","title":{"rendered":"Kr\u00f3tka historia techniki walcowania i konstrukcji stalowych formowanych na zimno"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Historia<\/h2>

Zanim zacz\u0119li\u015bmy u\u017cywa\u0107 metali, nasi przodkowie u\u017cywali drewna i kamienia jako podstawowych materia\u0142\u00f3w konstrukcyjnych przez ponad 1,7 miliona lat, plus minus kilkaset tysi\u0119cy lat. Z\u0142oto, mied\u017a, cyna, o\u0142\u00f3w, srebro, \u017celazo i rt\u0119\u0107 by\u0142y jedynymi siedmioma znanymi i u\u017cywanymi metalami do XIII wieku, a tylko pi\u0119\u0107 innych metali zosta\u0142o odkrytych do XVII wieku. Dzisiaj wiemy, \u017ce oko\u0142o dwie trzecie wszystkich znanych pierwiastk\u00f3w to metale [1].<\/p>

Pierwsze wyroby \u017celazne datowane s\u0105 na prawie 6000 lat temu, a ze wzgl\u0119du na mi\u0119kko\u015b\u0107 \u017celaza, by\u0142o ono spo\u017cywane jako ozdoby, a nie narz\u0119dzia i bro\u0144. \u017belazo zosta\u0142o zw\u0119glone w celu uzyskania trwalszego materia\u0142u (stali) oko\u0142o 1200 r. p.n.e., a to odkrycie przynios\u0142o znacz\u0105c\u0105 zmian\u0119 i zapocz\u0105tkowa\u0142o pocz\u0105tek epoki \u017celaza. Najstarsze wyroby stalowe znaleziono w stanowisku archeologicznym w Turcji (Kaman, Kaleh\u00f6y\u00fck) [2][3]. Wiedza o produkcji stali rozprzestrzeni\u0142a si\u0119 na du\u017cym obszarze z Cesarstwem Rzymskim poprzez handel lub wojn\u0119 [4]. Przej\u015bcie by\u0142o powolne, ale odlewane i kute wyroby \u017celazne ostatecznie zast\u0105pi\u0142y br\u0105z w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci obszar\u00f3w. Piece sta\u0142y si\u0119 bardziej popularne, a stal sta\u0142a si\u0119 lepsza. Wcze\u015bni kowale produkowali doskona\u0142ej jako\u015bci topory, d\u0142uta, motyki, miecze i inne narz\u0119dzia. W 1350 r. hutnicy z Europy \u015arodkowej odnie\u015bli sukces w wytapianiu i odlewaniu \u017celaza w prymitywnych wielkich piecach.<\/p>


Wykonywanie skomplikowanych przedmiot\u00f3w, takich jak kamizelki kuloodporne, sk\u0142adane z setek pasuj\u0105cych do siebie kawa\u0142k\u00f3w kutych p\u0142yt i drut\u00f3w, wymaga\u0142o znacznych umiej\u0119tno\u015bci i do\u015bwiadczenia. Proces ten by\u0142 bardzo pracoch\u0142onny ze wzgl\u0119du na d\u0142ugie godziny kucia. Od XVII wieku do pocz\u0105tk\u00f3w rewolucji przemys\u0142owej ka\u017cdy przedmiot nieodlewany, od ozdobnego po u\u017cytkowy, by\u0142 wykonywany r\u0119cznie poprzez pracoch\u0142onne kucie. Niewielu ludzi mog\u0142o sobie pozwoli\u0107 na w\u0142asne wyroby metalowe [1].<\/p>


Podczas rewolucji przemys\u0142owej XVIII i XIX wieku wiele narz\u0119dzi r\u0119cznych u\u017cywanych w produkcji metali zosta\u0142o stopniowo zast\u0105pionych maszynami nap\u0119dzanymi mechanicznie. Jednym z najwa\u017cniejszych i najmniej nag\u0142a\u015bnianych osi\u0105gni\u0119\u0107 tego okresu by\u0142o zast\u0105pienie staro\u017cytnej sztuki kucia (kucia) parami obracaj\u0105cych si\u0119 walc\u00f3w w celu zmiany kszta\u0142tu lub grubo\u015bci metali. Walcowanie w temperaturze pokojowej nie jest now\u0105 technologi\u0105. Prymitywne walcowanie na zimno by\u0142o stosowane w XIV wieku w przypadku z\u0142ota i srebra. Leonardo da Vinci zaprojektowa\u0142 pierwsze prawdziwe walcownie w 1480 roku [7].<\/p>

Walcowanie stali w temperaturze pokojowej (formowanie na zimno) rozpocz\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 pod koniec XVIII wieku i sta\u0142o si\u0119 szerzej stosowane w XIX wieku. Pod koniec XIX i XX wieku ogromna r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 walcowanych na gor\u0105co i na zimno blach aluminiowych, miedzianych, mosi\u0119\u017cnych, o\u0142owianych, cynowych, tytanowych, cyrkonowych i ze stop\u00f3w specjalnych sta\u0142a si\u0119 dost\u0119pna w handlu. Bez tych walcowanych p\u0142askich produkt\u00f3w nasze obecne \u017cycie i standard \u017cycia by\u0142yby niewyobra\u017calne.<\/p>

Walcowanie<\/h2>

Og\u00f3lny opis procesu profilowania mo\u017cna zapisa\u0107 w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b: \u201eW procesie profilowania pary rolek profilowych ustawionych w tandemie wyginaj\u0105 poprzecznie przesuwaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 blach\u0119, tworz\u0105c z niej produkt o okre\u015blonym profilu przekroju poprzecznego\u201d [5].<\/p>

\"Typical<\/p>

W procesie gi\u0119cia walcowego pewna liczba par przeciwstawnie u\u0142o\u017conych wa\u0142k\u00f3w z rolkami, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 zazwyczaj r\u00f3\u017cne dla ka\u017cdego przej\u015bcia profiluj\u0105cego, wykonuje gi\u0119cie i nadaje kszta\u0142t odkszta\u0142canej blachy [1].<\/p>

Konstrukcje stalowe zimnogi\u0119te (CFSS)<\/h2>

W drugiej po\u0142owie XIX wieku robotnicy w odleg\u0142ych rejonach preferowali tymczasowe i szybkie konstrukcje. W tym celu ludzie uznali, \u017ce ramy drewniane i gi\u0119te cienkie blachy s\u0105 przydatne do ich potrzeb. Przede wszystkim blachy os\u0142onowe s\u0105 produkowane z \u017celaza, kt\u00f3re wzmacniano, nadaj\u0105c mu niewielkie odkszta\u0142cenia na powierzchni, i s\u0105 u\u017cywane do budowy szop na zakwaterowanie lub miejsca pracy. Najstarsze dokumenty odnosz\u0105 si\u0119 do robotnik\u00f3w w Ameryce P\u00f3\u0142nocnej podczas gor\u0105czki z\u0142ota w 1849 roku. Dla robotnik\u00f3w produkowano przeno\u015bne domy \u017celazne [8].<\/p>

CFSS wystawiono na Chicago Century of Progress (World\u2019s Fair) w 1933 r. Ten typ konstrukcji jest przedstawiany jako \u201eDom przysz\u0142o\u015bci\u201d. Jednak najbardziej znacz\u0105cym osi\u0105gni\u0119ciem by\u0142o rozpocz\u0119cie projektu badawczego przez American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) w 1939 r. AISI sponsorowa\u0142o badaczy na Cornell University, co zaowocowa\u0142o opublikowaniem w 1946 r. pierwszego wydania specyfikacji AISI. [9]<\/p>

Podr\u00f3\u017c CFSS rozpocz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 od prymitywnych schron\u00f3w, ale dzi\u015b budynki wielopi\u0119trowe mo\u017cna budowa\u0107 z zimnogi\u0119tych ram stalowych. Najbardziej odpowiednie typy budynk\u00f3w to szko\u0142y, akademiki, hotele, budynki mieszkalne i konstrukcje modu\u0142owe.<\/p>

Konstrukcja ze stali formowanej na zimno (CFS) jest praktyczn\u0105 alternatyw\u0105 dla konstrukcji betonowych lub konwencjonalnych konstrukcji stalowych, g\u0142\u00f3wnie ze wzgl\u0119du na wy\u017cszy stosunek wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci do masy i szybsz\u0105 budow\u0119. Ze wzgl\u0119du na swoj\u0105 mniejsz\u0105 mas\u0119, budynki mieszkalne i komercyjne CFS staj\u0105 si\u0119 bardziej wydajn\u0105 alternatyw\u0105 w regionach, w kt\u00f3rych wyst\u0119puje ryzyko sejsmiczne, w por\u00f3wnaniu do betonowych i konwencjonalnych odpowiednik\u00f3w stalowych. Panele \u015bcienne wykonane z ramy CFS pokrytej z jednej lub obu stron stal\u0105 lub jakim\u015b rodzajem desek drewnianych s\u0105 szeroko stosowane jako elementy odporne na obci\u0105\u017cenia boczne w konstrukcjach stalowych formowanych na zimno, budowanych szczeg\u00f3lnie w regionach o niskim i \u015brednim ryzyku sejsmicznym. Rama w tych panelach \u015bciennych obejmuje g\u00f3rne i dolne szyny mocowane do pionowych s\u0142upk\u00f3w za pomoc\u0105 \u015brub lub nit\u00f3w. Szyny i s\u0142upki s\u0105 zwykle wykonane z profili CFS w kszta\u0142cie litery C [10].<\/p>

Odniesienia<\/h3>

[1] Halmos, G. T. (2006). Roll Forming Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[2] Akanuma, H. (2005). “The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kaleh\u00f6y\u00fck, Turkey”. Anatolian Archaeological Studies. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. 14: 147\u2013158.
[3] “Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel”. The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
[4] “Noricus ensis”, Horace, Odes, i. 16.9
[5] Kiuchi M., Abe K., Onodera R.; Computerized Numerical Simulation of roll-forming process, Annals of CIRP Vol. 44\/1\/1995, pp. 239-242.
[6] Dykes, R.J.; Mander, S.J.; D. Bhattacharyya: Roll forming continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sheets: experimental analysis, Composites Part A, 31 (2000), pp. 1395-1407.
[7] Roberts, W. Cold Rolling of Steel. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978.
[8] Don Allen, P.E., History of Cold Formed Steel, 2006, pp 1-5.
[9] Baran E, Alica C, Behavior of cold-formed steel wall panels under monotonic horizontal loading, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 79, 2012, pp 1-8,
[10] “World’s Fairs 1933\u20131939”. Historic Events for Students: The<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

History Before using metals, our ancestors used wood and stone as basic structural materials for over 1,7 million years, give or take a few hundred thousand years. 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