{"id":6786,"date":"2023-07-19T13:12:07","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T13:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/?p=6786"},"modified":"2023-07-19T13:25:36","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T13:25:36","slug":"structural-behavior-of-cold-formed-steel-sections","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/pl\/zachowanie-konstrukcyjne-profili-stalowych-formowanych-na-zimno\/","title":{"rendered":"Zachowanie konstrukcyjne profili stalowych formowanych na zimno"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6786\" class=\"elementor elementor-6786\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07d108 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07d108\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5373093\" data-id=\"5373093\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f384a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f384a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span lang=\"EN-US\">Rodzaje profili stalowych zimnogi\u0119tych<\/span><\/h2><p>Pod koniec lat 80. XX wieku badacze okre\u015blili pewne krytyczne warunki dla masowej produkcji dom\u00f3w, a kszta\u0142towniki stalowe formowane na zimno maj\u0105 pewne w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci pozwalaj\u0105ce na osi\u0105gni\u0119cie tych warunk\u00f3w [2].<\/p><ul><li>Elementy konstrukcyjne musz\u0105 by\u0107 stosunkowo ma\u0142e, demontowalne i mo\u017cliwie najprostsze.<\/li><li>Sie\u0107 linii i ruroci\u0105g\u00f3w musi by\u0107 w znacznym stopniu niezale\u017cna od pozosta\u0142ych element\u00f3w konstrukcyjnych.<\/li><\/ul><p>Obecnie w bran\u017cy stosuje si\u0119 kilka metod konstrukcyjnych, ale najpowszechniejsz\u0105 metod\u0105 jest metoda stick-building. W tej metodzie ostateczny monta\u017c odbywa si\u0119 na miejscu. Przyk\u0142adowy monta\u017c \u015bcienny, kt\u00f3ry zosta\u0142 przetestowany pod wieloma wzgl\u0119dami (konstrukcyjnym, termicznym, akustycznym) przez r\u00f3\u017cnych badaczy, zosta\u0142 zilustrowany na rysunku 1 [3]. Obci\u0105\u017cenia pionowe s\u0105 przenoszone przez belki stropowe i ko\u0142ki \u015bcienne. Cienkie, stosunkowo d\u0142ugie sekcje stalowe s\u0105 tak samo proste i demontowalne, a elementy mechanicznego systemu poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 niezale\u017cnie wewn\u0105trz element\u00f3w konstrukcyjnych.<\/p><p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6790 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Sample-wall-assembly.jpg\" alt=\"Sample wall assembly\" width=\"322\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Sample-wall-assembly.jpg 322w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Sample-wall-assembly-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Sample-wall-assembly-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Rysunek 1. Przyk\u0142adowy monta\u017c \u015bcienny [3]\u00a0<\/p><p>Elementy zimnogi\u0119te i blachy profilowane to wyroby stalowe z powlekanych lub niepowlekanych p\u0142askich pas\u00f3w lub zwoj\u00f3w walcowanych na gor\u0105co lub na zimno. Maj\u0105 sta\u0142y lub zmienny przekr\u00f3j poprzeczny w dopuszczalnym zakresie tolerancji. Elementy konstrukcyjne zimnogi\u0119te mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na dwie grupy. Jedn\u0105 stanowi\u0105 poszczeg\u00f3lne elementy, takie jak ko\u0142ki, belki itp. (Rysunek 2). Drug\u0105 grup\u0119 stanowi\u0105 elementy panelowe i pok\u0142adowe (Rysunek 3) [1].<\/p><p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6792 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-cold-formed-sections-for-individual-members.jpg\" alt=\"Typical cold-formed sections for individual members\" width=\"255\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-cold-formed-sections-for-individual-members.jpg 255w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-cold-formed-sections-for-individual-members-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Rysunek 2. Typowe profile zimnogi\u0119te dla pojedynczych element\u00f3w<\/p><p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6793 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-cold-formed-sections-for-decking.jpg\" alt=\"Typical cold-formed sections for decking\" width=\"211\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-cold-formed-sections-for-decking.jpg 211w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-cold-formed-sections-for-decking-18x7.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 211px) 100vw, 211px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Rysunek 3. Typowe profile zimnogi\u0119te na pomosty<\/p><p>W wi\u0119kszo\u015bci zastosowa\u0144 projektanci wybieraj\u0105 profile otwarte, wysoko\u015bci od 50-70 mm do 350-400 mm i grubo\u015bci od 0,7 mm do 6,0 mm. W przypadku pomost\u00f3w grubo\u015bci profili mog\u0105 si\u0119 zmniejszy\u0107 do 0,3 mm. Systemy hybrydowe (po\u0142\u0105czone z elementami stalowymi formowanymi na zimno z profilami stalowymi walcowanymi na gor\u0105co) s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c praktyczn\u0105 opcj\u0105 przezwyci\u0119\u017cenia problem\u00f3w wynikaj\u0105cych z nieregularno\u015bci uk\u0142adu konstrukcyjnego. Jednak\u017ce, je\u015bli plany architektoniczne, obj\u0119to\u015bci i wymiary s\u0105 odpowiednie, mo\u017cliwe jest zaprojektowanie ca\u0142ej konstrukcji bez u\u017cycia jakichkolwiek innych element\u00f3w konstrukcyjnych.<\/p><p><br \/>Elementy stalowe formowane na zimno s\u0105 \u0142\u0105czone ze sob\u0105 za pomoc\u0105 \u015brub, nit\u00f3w i \u015brub. Ze wzgl\u0119du na elastyczno\u015b\u0107 u\u017cytkowania, \u0142atwo jest nawi\u0105za\u0107 po\u0142\u0105czenia z ka\u017cdej cz\u0119\u015bci przekroju. Opr\u00f3cz po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144 stal-stal, p\u0142askie powierzchnie profili stalowych nadaj\u0105 si\u0119 do \u0142\u0105czenia z materia\u0142em ok\u0142adzinowym, takim jak p\u0142yty OSB i gipsowo-kartonowe, kt\u00f3re zapewniaj\u0105 znaczn\u0105 sztywno\u015b\u0107 [4].<br \/>W celu zwi\u0119kszenia sztywno\u015bci kszta\u0142townik\u00f3w i blach gi\u0119tych na zimno stosuje si\u0119 usztywnienia kraw\u0119dziowe i po\u015brednie. Usztywnienie przekroju poprzecznego oznacza ma\u0142e wygi\u0119te cz\u0119\u015bci p\u0142askiej cz\u0119\u015bci przekroju [5].<\/p><p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6794 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-stiffener-of-a-section-300x148.jpg\" alt=\"The stiffener of a section\" width=\"300\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-stiffener-of-a-section-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-stiffener-of-a-section-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-stiffener-of-a-section.jpg 364w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Rysunek 4. Usztywnienie przekroju<\/p><h2>Zachowanie strukturalne<\/h2><p>Profile stalowe formowane na zimno s\u0105 na og\u00f3\u0142 cienkie, a cz\u0119\u015bci profili s\u0105 stosunkowo d\u0142ugie w por\u00f3wnaniu do ich grubo\u015bci. Stosunek grubo\u015bci do d\u0142ugo\u015bci cz\u0119\u015bci lub szeroko\u015bci cz\u0119\u015bci do d\u0142ugo\u015bci jest ograniczony w kodach do stosowania powi\u0105zanych wzor\u00f3w podanych w kodzie. Jednak\u017ce, je\u015bli sekcje s\u0105 testowane fizycznie, dopuszcza si\u0119 stosowanie innych stosunk\u00f3w [6].<\/p><p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6795 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-open-section-portions-300x243.jpg\" alt=\"Typical open-section portions\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-open-section-portions-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-open-section-portions-15x12.jpg 15w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-open-section-portions.jpg 351w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Rysunek 5. Typowe cz\u0119\u015bci o przekroju otwartym<\/p><p>Stabilno\u015b\u0107 przekroju poprzecznego jest istotn\u0105 kwesti\u0105 w przypadku profili formowanych na zimno. Te kszta\u0142ty mo\u017cna uzna\u0107 za \u201esmuk\u0142e\u201d lub \u201eniezwarte\u201d profile, co oznacza, \u017ce \u200b\u200b\u017cadne w\u0142\u00f3kno profilu nie mo\u017ce osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 granicy plastyczno\u015bci pod okre\u015blonym obci\u0105\u017ceniem przed wyboczeniem lokalnym lub globalnym. Ponadto w przypadku element\u00f3w cienko\u015bciennych mo\u017cliwe jest zaobserwowanie co najmniej lokalnego wyboczenia, nawet je\u015bli profil jest w pe\u0142ni usztywniony przed skr\u0119caniem lub przemieszczeniem bocznym. Dlatego przypadki wyboczenia s\u0105 zwracane ze szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 uwag\u0105 podczas projektowania profili cienko\u015bciennych. Istnieje kilka tryb\u00f3w wyboczenia powszechnych w przypadku konstrukcji cienko\u015bciennych. Przede wszystkim przypadki to wyboczenie lokalne, zniekszta\u0142ceniowe i globalne. W niekt\u00f3rych wyj\u0105tkowych przypadkach nale\u017cy oceni\u0107 wyboczenie \u015bcinaj\u0105ce i okaleczenie \u015brodnika pod k\u0105tem stateczno\u015bci przekroju [7].<\/p><p>Do ko\u0144ca lat 70. standardow\u0105 metod\u0105 obliczeniow\u0105 by\u0142o wykorzystanie metody szeroko\u015bci efektywnej Wintera [8]. W 1978 r. Hancock [9][7] zaproponowa\u0142 u\u017cycie krzywej sygnatury, kt\u00f3ra ilustruje tryby wyboczenia zwi\u0105zane z d\u0142ugo\u015bci\u0105 pr\u0119ta. Sporz\u0105dzono wykres z obliczeniami krytycznych napr\u0119\u017ce\u0144 wyboczeniowych dla ka\u017cdej d\u0142ugo\u015bci. Minima wykresu definiuj\u0105 konkretny przypadek wyboczenia. Przede wszystkim wi\u0119ksze cz\u0119\u015bci przekroju wysuwaj\u0105 si\u0119 z p\u0142aszczyzny, a naro\u017cniki przekroju pozostaj\u0105 (punkt A na rys. 6). Gdy d\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 jest zwi\u0119kszana, napr\u0119\u017cenia maj\u0105 tendencj\u0119 do wzrostu, a nast\u0119pnie spadku. Wykres ponownie podaje minima dla pewnej d\u0142ugo\u015bci, a wyboczenie zniekszta\u0142ceniowe wyst\u0119puje na odpowiadaj\u0105cej d\u0142ugo\u015bci. Og\u00f3lnie rzecz bior\u0105c, cz\u0119\u015bci maj\u0105ce usztywnienie wysuwaj\u0105 si\u0119 ca\u0142kowicie z p\u0142aszczyzny (punkt B na rys. 6). W przypadku wi\u0119kszych d\u0142ugo\u015bci element jest poddawany globalnemu wyboczeniu.<\/p><p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6796 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-Plot-of-a-Signature-Curve-of-a-Thin-Walled-Section.jpg\" alt=\"Typical Plot of a Signature Curve of a Thin-Walled Section\" width=\"616\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-Plot-of-a-Signature-Curve-of-a-Thin-Walled-Section.jpg 616w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-Plot-of-a-Signature-Curve-of-a-Thin-Walled-Section-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/media\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Typical-Plot-of-a-Signature-Curve-of-a-Thin-Walled-Section-18x8.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Rysunek 6. Typowy wykres krzywej charakterystycznej przekroju cienko\u015bciennego<\/p><p>W powszechnej praktyce elementy s\u0105 \u0142\u0105czone ze sob\u0105 za pomoc\u0105 ich smuk\u0142ych cz\u0119\u015bci. Na przyk\u0142ad belki w kszta\u0142cie litery C mog\u0105 by\u0107 osadzone na sztywnym elemencie. W takim przypadku \u015brodnik mo\u017ce by\u0107 nara\u017cony na lokalne wyboczenie, kt\u00f3re nazywa si\u0119 \u201eparali\u017cowaniem \u015brodnika\u201d. Parali\u017cowanie \u015brodnika mo\u017ce by\u0107 krytycznym problemem w konstrukcjach stalowych formowanych na zimno, poniewa\u017c dzia\u0142anie to tworzy mi\u0119kkie i s\u0142abe podparcie dla elementu [1].<\/p><p><br \/>Sworznie i belki s\u0105 zwykle u\u017cywane z otworami na ich \u015brodniku i ko\u0142nierzach. Efekty otwor\u00f3w na \u015bruby i wkr\u0119ty s\u0105 niewielkie, ale otwory na przewody, takie jak elektryczne, hydrauliczne lub podobne, wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na sztywno\u015b\u0107 [10]. Ze wzgl\u0119du na zaburzenie rozk\u0142adu napr\u0119\u017ce\u0144 na napr\u0119\u017cenia spowodowane otworami, otwory mog\u0105 zmniejsza\u0107 lub zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 krytyczne obci\u0105\u017cenie wyboczeniowe w zale\u017cno\u015bci od po\u0142owy d\u0142ugo\u015bci fali i wzoru otwor\u00f3w [7].<\/p><h3>Odniesienia<\/h3><p>[1] Dubina, D.; Ungureanu, V.; R. Landolfo (2012). Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structures, ECCS.<br \/>[2] Bats, J. O.; Janssen, J. F. G.; Industrial Housing with Cold-Formed Sheet-Steel Elements, in Proceedings of the 9th Int. Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Structures. 1988.<br \/>[3] G. D. Corte; L. Fiorino; and R. Landolfo; Seismic Behavior of Sheathed Cold-Formed Structures: Numerical Study. 2006.<br \/>[4] Baran E, Alica C, Behavior of cold-formed steel wall panels under monotonic horizontal loading, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 79, 2012, pp 1-8,<br \/>[5] Pek\u00f6z, Teoman; Winter, George; and Desmond, T. P., &#8220;Edge Stiffeners for Cold-formed Steel Members&#8221;<br \/>(1978). International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. 6.<br \/>[6] EN 1993-1-3 (2006): Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures &#8211; Part 1-3: General rules &#8211; Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting.<br \/>[7] Adany S; Signature curve for general thin-walled members. Proceeding of the annual stability conference, Baltimore, Maryland, 2018.<br \/>[8] Winter, G.: &#8220;Light Gage (Thin-Walled) Steel Structures for Building in the U.S.A.,&#8221; preliminary publication, 4th Congress of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, 1952.<br \/>[9] Hancock, G.J. (1978), Local, Distortional, and lateral buckling of I-beams, ASCE Journal of structural engineering, 104(11), pp. 1787-1798.<br \/>[10] Moen, C.D., Schafer, B.W., 2009. Direct Strength Design of Cold-formed Steel Members with Perforations, Research Report. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), Washington, DC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Types of cold-formed steel sections In the late 1980s&#8217;, researchers specified some critical conditions for the mass production of housing, and cold-formed steel sections have some vigorous properties to achieve these conditions [2]. The construction components must be comparatively small, demountable, and as simple as possible. The network of lines and pipes must be very&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/arkitechglobal.com\/pl\/zachowanie-konstrukcyjne-profili-stalowych-formowanych-na-zimno\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">Czytaj dalej &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Zachowanie konstrukcyjne profili stalowych formowanych na zimno<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6787,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[19,84,21,22,23,88],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Arkitech - 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